Not only has April 2018 brought us the implementation of the sugar tax, but it also brings us new legislation on managing acrylamide and, if you’re a food business operator (FBO), it’s something that you need to know about.
Acrylamide is a chemical which forms naturally in starchy foods when cooked at high temperatures (anything over 120˚C). The sugars in the food items react with naturally occurring amino acids to form acrylamide. This reaction takes place in potatoes in various forms, e.g roast, chips, crisps etc., bread, some cereal products and also coffee roasting.
Studies carried out in rodents found that exposure to the chemical increased the risk of developing different types of cancer quite significantly. Although humans and animals react differently to certain chemicals, it is nevertheless the view of scientists that acrylamide could be a potential carcinogen.
It is therefore considered a food safety hazard and the EU has produced new guidelines which set out mitigation measures and benchmark levels to which FBOs are expected to adhere. While it is impossible to eliminate acrylamide completely, it is possible to reduce levels of it in affected foods by following the mitigation measures provided, thereby reducing potential carcinogen risk to consumers. Measures should be followed as far as is practicably possible without compromising current hygiene laws.
The legislation lists the following food items to which mitigation measures and benchmark levels should be applied:
- French fries, other cut (deep fried) products and sliced potato crisps from fresh potatoes
- potato crisps, snacks, crackers and other potato products from potato dough
- bread
- breakfast cereals (excluding porridge)
- fine bakery wares: cookies, biscuits, rusks, cereal bars, scones, cornets, wafers, crumpets and gingerbread, as well as crackers, crisp breads and bread substitutes
- coffee
- coffee substitutes
- baby food and, processed cereal-based food intended for infants and young children
Mitigation measures and benchmark levels
The legislation recommends using potatoes which have a naturally lower sugar content. This will reduce the amount of acrylamide that is produced during the cooking process. It also stipulates that potatoes should be stored above 6˚C; sugars multiply in potatoes stored in fridges/cold places, thus increasing the level of acrylamide in the end product. Before frying potatoes, they should be rinsed and left to soak in cold water for up to 2 hours and then rinsed again. Blanching potatoes is also very effective in reducing acrylamide and it is recommended wherever possible and practicable.
Frying temperatures should be kept below 175˚C and lower if possible. Suppliers should be consulted as to the most suitable oil to use. Food debris such as crumbs should be skimmed off the fats and oils regularly to keep it free from potential contaminants. Last year, there was a campaign by the FSA to ‘go for gold’, referring to the optimum colour to which your bread should be toasted and your potatoes roasted or fried. The legislation suggests using appropriate colour charts where available, although the benchmark is to aim for a light, golden colour.
With bread and cereal products, it is recommended that any yeast fermentation time is extended as far as is practicable, that the moisture content of dough be reduced as much as possible and, where viable, lower the oven temperature and extend the cooking time.
With coffee roasting and baby food, it is important to choose ingredients with the lowest potential for acrylamide and identify optimum cooking/roasting temperatures to ensure minimal acrylamide formation. If you are using pre-packed or frozen goods to cook and serve to consumers, cooking guidelines should be followed closely.
Compliance
As with any other legislation, it is important to demonstrate compliance. The chemical hazard of acrylamide and control measures thereof, should be identified and documented within the food businesses Food Safety Management System. Food manufacturers particularly will be expected to have robust procedures in place for sampling and analysis of products indicating that they are seeking to reduce levels of acrylamide in what is being provided to the end customers/consumers. They will also be expected to keep detailed records of the results. Once systems are in place, this should be relatively straightforward to maintain.
For more information
We can help. Contact us if you would like further information or training for you or your staff. You can find the legislation in full here and some helpful guidelines here.
